{"id":13374,"date":"2009-10-02T14:02:35","date_gmt":"2009-10-02T06:02:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/2009\/10\/02\/%e5%8f%b0%e7%81%a3%e6%ad%8c%e4%bb%94%e6%88%b2%e7%9a%84%e5%bd%a2%e6%88%90%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a3%e5%8f%8a%e5%89%b5%e5%a7%8b%e8%80%85%e7%9a%84%e5%95%8f%e9%a1%8c-%e7%8e%8b-%e9%a0%86%e9%9a%86\/"},"modified":"2009-10-02T14:02:35","modified_gmt":"2009-10-02T06:02:35","slug":"%e5%8f%b0%e7%81%a3%e6%ad%8c%e4%bb%94%e6%88%b2%e7%9a%84%e5%bd%a2%e6%88%90%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a3%e5%8f%8a%e5%89%b5%e5%a7%8b%e8%80%85%e7%9a%84%e5%95%8f%e9%a1%8c-%e7%8e%8b-%e9%a0%86%e9%9a%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/2009\/10\/02\/%e5%8f%b0%e7%81%a3%e6%ad%8c%e4%bb%94%e6%88%b2%e7%9a%84%e5%bd%a2%e6%88%90%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a3%e5%8f%8a%e5%89%b5%e5%a7%8b%e8%80%85%e7%9a%84%e5%95%8f%e9%a1%8c-%e7%8e%8b-%e9%a0%86%e9%9a%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5e74\u4ee3\u53ca\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u554f\u984c \u738b \u9806\u9686"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5e74\u4ee3\u53ca\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u554f\u984c<\/span> \u738b<\/span> \u9806\u9686<\/span> <\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5e74\u4ee3\u53ca\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u554f\u984c<\/span>   <\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nLast update 2002\/05\/30 <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u738b<\/span> \u9806\u9686<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u3010\u524d<\/span> \u8a00\u3011<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

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\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6230\u5f8c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u53f0\u7063\u53ca\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5df2\u8b49\u5be6\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u767c\u6e90\u81ea\u53f0\u7063\u672c\u571f\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5e74\u4ee3\u53ca\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5247\u9817\u591a\u722d\u8b70\u3002\u7a76\u5176\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u591a\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8fd1\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u65e5\u64da\u6642\u671f\u7576\u6642\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u50c5\u63a1\u7528\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u63a1\u8a2a\u5831\u544a\u52a0\u4ee5\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5404\u6709\u51fa\u5165\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u65e5\u64da\u6642\u671f\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a\u6216\u662f\u6642\u4e8b\u5831\u5c0e\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8207\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u8a95\u751f\u5c6c\u65bc\u540c\u4e00\u6642\u7a7a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6a6b\u8de8\u4e86\u767c\u751f\u524d\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u4e2d\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u5f8c\u4e09\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u82e5\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u9577\u4e45\u4ee5\u4f86\u672a\u53d7\u9752\u776c\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4e32\u806f\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u7576\u53ef\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u672c\u7a3f\u4ee5\u5012\u6558\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5148\u5206\u6790\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u518d\u8ffd\u6eaf\u63a2\u8a0e\u6230\u524d\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u7576\u6642\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8a18\u9304\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u767c\u751f\u60c5\u5f62\uff1b\u6700\u5f8c\u518d\u7e3d\u7d50\u5169\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u91d0\u6e05\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u722d\u8b70\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u3010\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7814\u7a76\u3011<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6230\u5f8c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u7576\u5c6c\u5442\u8a34\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u6191\u8457\u51fa\u8eab\u6232\u5287\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u5927\u5b78\u85dd\u8853\u79d1\u7684\u5b78\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd4\u53f0\u5f8c\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\ufe51\u96fb\u5f71\u7684\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u4e26\u5ee3\u65bc\u6536\u96c6\u6709\u95dc\u53f0\u7063\u5404\u7a2e\u6f14\u85dd\u7684\u6587\u737b\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u6574\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>1947<\/span>\u5e74\u4ed6\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7cbe\u95e2\u7684\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u6539\u9769\u8ad6\u3009<\/span>[1]<\/span>\uff0c\u547c\u7c72\u5065\u5168\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\uff1b<\/span>1954<\/span>\u5e74\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6232\u5287\u3009\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u5247\u8a73\u8ff0\u4e86\u53f0\u7063\u5404\u7a2e\u6232\u5287\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\u53ca\u767c\u5c55\uff1b<\/span>1961<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u96fb\u5f71\u6232\u5287\u53f2\u300b\u66f4\u96c6\u5176\u500b\u4eba\u4e00\u751f\u5c0d\u6f14\u5287\u754c\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u5927\u6210\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u7531\u65bc\u5442\u6c0f\u638c\u63e1\u8cc7\u6599\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u7121\u4eba\u80fd\u671b\u5176\u5411\u80cc\uff1b\u4e5f\u7531\u65bc\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u8457\u624b\u4e4b\u65e9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u65e5\u5f8c\u6240\u6709\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u5f15\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5442\u6c0f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u96d6\u65e9\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u59cb\u7d42\u672a\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u548c\u5f15\u64da\u4ea4\u4ee3\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u53f2\u5be6\u7684\u92ea\u9673\u548c\u539f\u59cb\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u4ecb\u7d39\u3002\u5982\uff1a<\/span>1951<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u3009\u4e0a\u5c31\u8aaa<\/span>[2]<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u5728\u6c11\u570b\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6709\u6b4c\u8b20\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u5b9c\u862d\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7531\u5c71\u6b4c\u8f49\u8b8a\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u88e1\u7684\u5c71\u6b4c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c11\u6b4c\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8fb2\u6751\u6216\u6f01\u6751\u7684\u52de\u52d5\u6b4c\u3002\u6700\u521d\u662f\u7537\u5973\u5c0d\u7b54\u5f88\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u6b4c\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u8b8a\u70ba\u6709\u6558\u4e8b\u6027\u7684\u9577\u6b4c\u8a5e\uff0c\u4e00\u53e5\u4e03\u5b57\uff0c\u53e5\u8173\u62bc\u97fb\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u518d\u8b8a\u70ba\u6709\u6545\u4e8b\u6027\u7684\u6b4c\u5287\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4f9d\u7167\u6b4c\u8a5e\u5206\u914d\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u66f4\u589e\u52a0\u4e0a\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u7c97\u5177\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u6b4c\u5287\uff0c\u6f38\u6f38\u5730\u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u53f0\u6b65\u3001\u8eab\u6bb5\u3001\u97f3\u6a02\u3001\u670d\u88dd\u3001\u81c9\u8b5c\u3001\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6709\u6b4c\u5287\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u751a\u81f3\u5176\u4e2d\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u660e\u986f\u5730\u8207\u65e5\u64da\u6642\u671f\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u6709\u6240\u51fa\u5165\uff0c\u5982<\/span>1954<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6232\u5287\u3009\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span>[3]<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u5287\u5718\u662f\u5f9e\u5b9c\u862d\u6b4c\u4ed4\u8abf\u6d41\u884c\u5230\u53f0\u5317\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u6709\u611b\u597d\u6232\u5287\u8005\u96c6\u5408\u696d\u9918\u7968\u53cb\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7d44\u7e54\u64da\u8aaa\u662f\u5728\u53f0\u5317\u5e02\u300c\u6e05\u548c\u97f3\u300d\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u300c\u6e05\u548c\u793e\u300d\u300c\u540c\u8072\u6a02\u300d\u76f8\u7e7c\u800c\u7acb\u3002……\u5f8c\u4f86\u53c8\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5718\u6539\u7a7f\u820a\u5287\u670d\u88dd\u7684\u5468\u751f\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u300c\u9713\u751f\u793e\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u5927\u7d04\u5728\u6c11\u570b\u4e94\u5e74\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u6c92\u6709\u4f48\u666f\uff0c\u81f3\u6c11\u570b\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u524d\u5f8c\uff0c\u5927\u9678\u4f86\u53f0\u516c\u6f14\u5287\u5718\u6709\u798f\u5dde\u300c\u820a\u8cfd\u6a02\u300d\u548c\u4eac\u73ed\u300c\u65b0\u8cfd\u6a02\u300d\u300c\u4e09\u8cfd\u6a02\u300d\u7b49\u5e36\u4f86\u8edf\u5e03\u5e03\u666f\u4e0a\u6f14\u4e09\u570b\u5fd7\u53ca\u9023\u53f0\u6232\u9673\u9756\u59d1\u3001\u72f8\u8c93\u63db\u592a\u5b50\u3001\u6fdf\u516c\u50b3\u7b49\u5287\u3002\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u5b78\u7fd2\u4ed6\u5011\u589e\u8a2d\u4f48\u666f\uff0c\u81f3\u6b64\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u8077\u696d\u71df\u5229\u5287\u5718\u4e5f\u6709\u6578\u5341\u5718\u4e86\u3002\u5287\u672c\u5f9e\u77ed\u7bc7\u6539\u70ba\u9577\u7bc7\uff0c……\u53c8\u56e0\u5927\u9678\u5287\u5718\u4f86\u53f0\u516c\u6f14\uff0c\u5c45\u7559\u5728\u53f0\u4e4b\u6b66\u884c\uff0c\u6295\u5165\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u5718\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u6b66\u884c\u6232\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u5217\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u5287\u5718\u6578\uff0c\u5c31\u8207<\/span>1927<\/span>\u5e74\u53f0\u7063\u7e3d\u7763\u5e9c\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u5287\u5718\u8abf\u67e5<\/span>[4]<\/span>\u6709\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002\u5442\u6c0f\u751f\u65bc\u6230\u524d\uff0c\u63a5\u89f8\u6232\u5287\u4e5f\u5728\u6230\u524d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u537b\u5f9e\u672a\u898b\u6709\u53c3\u8003\u6230\u524d\u7814\u7a76\u5831\u544a\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6230\u524d<\/span>1941<\/span>\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u767c\u8868\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287<\/span>?<\/span>\u8fd1\u60c5\u3009<\/span>[5]<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4ee5\u9673\u8ff0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u70ba\u6587\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5442\u6c0f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u96d6\u5c6c\u6230\u5f8c\u5148\u9a45\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e5f\u50c5\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f8c\u4eba\u53c3\u8003\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6230\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u505a\u5177\u9ad4\u9673\u8ff0\u7684\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u8a8d\u5b9a\u4fc2\u59cb\u65bc<\/span>1963<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5b9c\u862d\u7e23\u5fd7\u300b<\/span>[6]<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u539f\u4fc2\u5b9c\u862d\u5730\u65b9\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c11\u8b20\u66f2\u8abf\uff0c\u64da\u4eca\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6709\u54e1\u5c71\u7d50\u982d\u4efd\u4eba\u540d\u963f\u52a9\u8005\uff0c\u50b3\u8005\u5fd8\u5176\u59d3\u540d\uff0c\u963f\u52a9\u5e7c\u597d\u6a02\u66f2\uff0c\u6bcf\u65e5\u8fb2\u4f5c\u4e4b\u9918\uff0c\u8f12\u63d0\u5927\u6bbc\u7d43\uff0c\u81ea\u5f48\u81ea\u5531\uff0c\u6df1\u5f97\u9130\u4eba\u8b9a\u8cde\u3002\u597d\u4e8b\u8005\u52f8\u5176\u628a\u6c11\u8b20\u6f14\u8b8a\u70ba\u6232\u5287\uff0c\u521d\u50c5\u4e00\u4e8c\u4eba\u7a7f\u4fbf\u670d\u5206\u626e\u7537\u5973\uff0c\u6f14\u5531\u6642\u4ee5\u5927\u6bbc\u7d43\ufe51\u6708\u7434\ufe51\u7c2b\ufe51\u7b1b\u7b49\u4f34\u594f\uff0c\u4e26\u6709\u5c0d\u767d\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u865f\u7a31\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u53c8\uff0c<\/span>1971<\/span>\u5e74\u4fee\u8a02\u7684\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u7701\u901a\u8a8c\u300b<\/span>[7]<\/span>\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u6c11\u570b\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u6709\u54e1\u5c71\u7d50\u982d\u4efd\u4eba\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u8a73\u5176\u59d3\uff0c\u4ee5\u5584\u6b4c\u5f97\u540d\u3002\u6687\u6642\u5e38\u4ee5\u5c71\u6b4c\uff0c\u4f50\u4ee5\u5927\u6bbc\u7d43\uff0c\u81ea\u62c9\u81ea\u5531\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u9063\u8208\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u6b4c\u8a5e\uff0c\u6bcf\u7bc0\u56db\u53e5\uff0c\u6bcf\u53e5\u4e03\u5b57\uff0c\u53e5\u8173\u62bc\u97fb\u800c\u4e0d\u76f8\u806f\uff0c\u96d6\u8207\u666e\u901a\u5c71\u6b4c\u7121\u7570\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f15\u542d\u9ad8\u6b4c\uff0c\u5225\u6709\u97fb\u5473\uff0c\u662f\u5373\u70ba\u4e03\u5b57\u8abf\u4e5f\u3002\u5f8c\uff0c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u5c07\u5c71\u6b4c\u6539\u7de8\u70ba\u6709\u5287\u60c5\u4e4b\u6b4c\u8a5e\uff0c\u50b3\u6388\u9580\u4e0b\uff0c\u8a66\u70ba\u6f14\u51fa\uff0c\u535a\u5f97\u4f73\u8a55\uff0c\u9042\u6709\u4eba\u51fa\u800c\u7d44\u7e54\u5287\u5718\uff0c\u540d\u4e4b\u66f0\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u5982\u6b64\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u6642\u9694\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u8a2a\u67e5\u9109\u91ce\u8006\u8001\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7aef\u8cf4\u88ab\u8a2a\u554f\u8005\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u53ca\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u82e5\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u63a1\u8a2a\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u53d6\u5f97\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u82e5\u662f\u7d93\u7531\u7b2c\u4e8c\u624b\ufe51\u7b2c\u4e09\u624b\u50b3\u64ad\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u53d7\u8a2a\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76e1\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u9ec3\u79c0\u9326\u5728\u7530\u91ce\u8abf\u67e5\u4e2d\u5c31\u767c\u73fe\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u300d\u51fa\u5e2b\u81ea\u300c\u8c93\u4ed4\u6e90\u300d<\/span>[8]<\/span>\uff0c\u5247\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u300d\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709\u53ef\u8b70\u4e4b\u8655\uff1b\u53c8\uff0c\u5f35\u6708\u5a25\u65bc<\/span>1986<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8207\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u5e2b\u51fa\u540c\u9580\u7684\u9673\u963f\u5982\uff08\u56e0\u64c5\u9577\u6f14\u300c\u8354\u679d\u8a18\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u9673\u4e09\uff0c\u6545\u5225\u540d\u300c\u9673\u4e09\u5982\u300d\uff09\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u300c\u672c\u5730\u6b4c\u4ed4\u300d\u52a0\u4ee5\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7576\u6642\u5927\u6232\u7684\u670d\u88dd\u548c\u8eab\u6bb5\u6f14\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u540c\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6232\u73ed\u5b58\u5728<\/span>[9]<\/span>\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u78ba\u5b9a\u8ab0\u624d\u662f\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5148\u9a45\u8005\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6230\u5f8c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u672c\u5730\u6216\u662f\u5927\u9678\u5730\u5340\u7684\u8ad6\u8457<\/span>[10]<\/span>\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u591a\u662f\u53cd\u5fa9\u5f15\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u672a\u518d\u52a0\u4ee5\u6df1\u7a76\u3002\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u52a0\u4ee5\u7e3d\u7d50\uff0c\u5982\u66fe\u6c38\u7fa9\u7684\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u8b8a\u9077\u300b<\/span>[11]<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u7d9c\u5408\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7530\u91ce\u8abf\u67e5\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u96a8\u8457\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u65e9\u5c31\u50b3\u5531\u8457\u95a9\u5357\u8a9e\u6b4c\u8b20\uff1b\u5927\u7d04\u8ddd\u4eca\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u6709\u4f86\u81ea\u5927\u9678\u7684\u6b4c\u8b20\u8aaa\u5531\u5bb6\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u8c93\u4ed4\u6e90\u548c\u9673\u9ad8\u7281\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u958b\u73ed\u6388\u5f92\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b4c\u8b20\u6f14\u5531\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u50cf\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\ufe51\u9673\u4e09\u5982\ufe51\u7c21\u56db\u52fb\ufe51\u694a\u9806\u679d\ufe51\u6d41\u6c13\u5e25\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u500b\u4e2d\u4f7c\u4f7c\uff0c\u8d77\u78bc\u9019\u4e9b\u8eab\u61f7\u9577\u6280\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u59cb\u7d44\u7e54\u6232\u73ed\uff0c\u6f14\u51fa\u8af8\u5982\u300c\u9673\u4e09\u4e94\u5a18\u300d\u548c\u300c\u5c71\u4f2f\u82f1\u53f0\u300d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002……\u3002\u800c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u73ed\u793e\uff0c\u8207\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\ufe51\u9673\u4e09\u5982\u540c\u6642\u7684\u5c31\u6709\u90a3\u9ebc\u591a\u73ed\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u5176\u5be6\u5f88\u96e3\u7368\u5c45\u300c\u9f3b\u7956\u300d\uff1b\u4f46\u4ed6\u7576\u6642\u4eab\u6709\u76db\u540d\uff0c\u70ba\u4f7c\u4f7c\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4f7c\u4f7c\u61c9\u7576\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u50b3\u805e\u5c31\u6b78\u5c6c\u65bc\u4ed6\u4e86\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6216\u52a0\u4ee5\u88dc\u5145\uff0c\u5982\u9673\u5065\u9298\u7684\u3008\u5f9e\u300c\u884c\u6b4c\u4e92\u7b54\u300d\u5230\u300c\u672c\u5730\u6b4c\u4ed4\u300d\u3009<\/span>[12]<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u7d93\u7b46\u8005\u8003\u8b49\u8abf\u67e5\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8a73\u5176\u540d\u7684\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u300d\u672c\u540d\u6b50\u4f86\u52a9\uff0c\u6c11\u570b\u524d<\/span>41<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>10<\/span>\u6708<\/span>10<\/span>\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u5b9c\u862d\u54e1\u5c71\u5e84\u7d50\u982d\u5206\u5821\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f9e\u5c0f\u5c31\u96a8\u8457\u7236\u6bcd\u9077\u5230\u5b9c\u862d\u5e02\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c……\u3002\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u300d\u7684\u5b78\u6232\u904e\u7a0b\u4e0d\u8a73\uff0c\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u6587\u7ae0\u63d0\u5230\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u54e1\u5c71\u7d50\u982d\u5206\u683d\u7a2e\u679c\u6a39\u7684\u679c\u8fb2\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u5f9e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a2e\u7a2e\u5831\u544a\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u591a\u6ce8\u91cd\u7530\u91ce\u8a2a\u67e5\uff0c\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u6587\u737b\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6368\u65e5\u64da\u6642\u671f\u8af8\u591a\u6587\u737b\u4e0d\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u9015\u81ea\u63a1\u7d0d\u6642\u9694\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u5f8c\u6c11\u9593\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5be6\u6709\u672c\u672b\u5012\u7f6e\u4e4b\u5f0a\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6b67\u898b\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u4f55\u8005\u70ba\u771f\uff1f\u7531\u65bc\u88ab\u8a2a\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u8a8d\u5b9a\u53ca\u6b98\u5b58\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u8a18\u61b6\u6703\u8aa4\u5c0e\u8abf\u67e5\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u5df2\u96e3\u4ee5\u91d0\u6e05\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u982d\u5f9e\u6230\u524d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53bb\u6c42\u8b49\u771f\u76f8\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u3010\u6230\u524d\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7814\u7a76\u3011<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u5c31\u7b46\u8005\u50c5\u77e5\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u6230\u524d\u7684\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u4e26\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u76f4\u5230<\/span>1992<\/span>\u5e74\u65b9\u624d\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u6771\u4eac\u90fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u9234\u6728\u79c0\u7f8e\u5728\u5979\u7684\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3008\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u5730\u65b9\u5287\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d—<\/span>??<\/span>\u8a95\u751f<\/span>?<\/span>\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u53f2<\/span>????<\/span>\u610f\u7fa9<\/span>????<\/span>\u3009\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5c08\u4ee5\u6230\u524d\u65e5\u6587\u7684\u6587\u737b\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u53ca\u7576\u6642\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u9234\u6728\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u5728\u8ac7\u5230\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u8a95\u751f\u6642\uff0c\u4e26\u672a\u5229\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u65e5\u6587\u6587\u737b\u53bb\u8ffd\u7a76\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u50c5\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e86\u6230\u5f8c\u300a\u5b9c\u862d\u7e23\u5fd7\u300b\u548c\u66fe\u6c38\u7fa9\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5<\/span>[13]<\/span>\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u540c\u5e74<\/span>6<\/span>\u6708\uff0c\u90b1\u5764\u826f\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u65e5\u6cbb\u6642\u671f\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76—\u820a\u5287\u8207\u65b0\u5287\u300b\uff0c\u8a72\u66f8\u5c08\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u6230\u524d\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u800c\u8457\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u7684\u6587\u737b\u5927\u8086\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u4e26\u52a0\u4ee5\u904b\u7528\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u90b1\u6c0f\u4f9d\u7136\u8df3\u812b\u4e0d\u51fa\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4f9d\u820a\u63a1\u7d0d\u4e86\u300a\u5b9c\u862d\u7e23\u5fd7\u300b\u548c\u9673\u5efa\u9298\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5<\/span>[14]<\/span>\u3002\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u300d\u4e4b\u8aaa\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u66ab\u6642\u4e0d\u8ad6\uff0c\u5148\u4f86\u770b\u770b\u65e5\u64da\u6642\u671f\u7684\u6587\u737b\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u662f\u600e\u9ebc\u8aaa\u7684\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n1895<\/span>\u5e74\u65e5\u8ecd\u767b\u9678\u53f0\u7063\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u53ca\u5404\u7a2e\u98a8\u4fd7\u6c11\u60c5\u5c55\u958b\u8abf\u67e5\u3002<\/span>1901<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6163\u7fd2\u8a18\u4e8b\u300b<\/span>1<\/span>\u5377<\/span>3<\/span>\u865f\u4e0a\u7684\u3008\u4ff3\u512a<\/span>?<\/span>\u6f14\u5287\u3009\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u5df2\u77e5\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6232\u5287\u7684\u5206\u985e\u4e00\u7bc0\uff0c\u53ea\u8aaa\u5230\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6232\u5287\u6709\u5c6c\u65bc\u5927\u4eba\u6232\u7684\u4e82\u5f48\u53ca\u56db\u8a55\uff0c\u5c6c\u65bc\u5c11\u5e74\u6232\u7684\u4e5d\u7532\u6232\u548c\u767d\u5b57\u6232\u4ed4\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5c6c\u65bc\u5080\u5121\u6232\u7684\u5e03\u888b\u6232\u53ca\u8eca\u9f13\u6232\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u96d6\u8207\u723e\u5f8c\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u6709\u4e9b\u51fa\u5165\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9084\u672a\u898b\u5230\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u5287\u7a2e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u5176\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u9023\u6a6b<\/span>1920<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u901a\u53f2\u300b\u7b2c<\/span>23<\/span>\u5377\u3008\u98a8\u4fd7\u5fd7\u2027\u6f14\u5287\u3009\u4e2d\u4e5f\u96e3\u4ee5\u7aba\u51fa\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u5df2\u5192\u982d\u7684\u5fb5\u5146\ufe30<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u53f0\u7063\u4e4b\u5287\uff0c\u4e00\u66f0\u4e82\u5f48\uff0c\u50b3\u81ea\u6c5f\u5357\uff0c\u6545\u66f0\u6b63\u97f3\u3002\u5176\u6240\u5531\u8005\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u4e8c\u7c27\u897f\u76ae\uff0c\u517c\u6709\u6606\u8154\u3002\u4eca\u5247\u65e5\u5c11\uff0c\u975e\u7368\u6f14\u8005\u7121\u4eba\uff0c\u77e5\u97f3\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6613\u4e5f\u3002\u4e8c\u66f0\u56db\u5e73\uff0c\u4f86\u81ea\u6f6e\u5dde\uff0c\u8a9e\u591a\u7cb5\u8abf\uff0c\u964d\u65bc\u4e82\u5f48\u4e00\u7b49\u3002\u4e09\u66f0\u4e03\u5b50\u73ed\uff0c\u5247\u53e4\u68a8\u5712\u4e4b\u5236\uff0c\u5531\u8a5e\u9053\u767d\uff0c\u7686\u7528\u6cc9\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u6f14\u8005\uff0c\u5247\u7537\u5973\u4e4b\u60b2\u6b61\u96e2\u5408\u4e5f\u3002\u53c8\u6709\u5080\u5121\u73ed\u638c\u4e2d\u73ed\uff0c\u524a\u6728\u70ba\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u624b\u6f14\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e8b\u591a\u7a17\u53f2\uff0c\u8207\u8aaa\u66f8\u540c\u3002……\u53c8\u6709\u63a1\u8336\u6232\u8005\uff0c\u51fa\u81ea\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u4e00\u7537\u4e00\u5973\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u5531\u916c\uff0c\u6deb\u9761\u4e4b\u98a8\uff0c\u4f94\u65bc\u912d\u885b\uff0c\u6709\u53f8\u7981\u4e4b\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u8a72\u66f8\u6210\u65bc<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u95dc\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a\u6216\u662f\u8ad6\u6587<\/span>[15]<\/span>\uff0c\u90fd\u672a\u898b\u5230\u6709\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u7684\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u78ba\u77e5<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u524d\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u5c1a\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u518d\u770b<\/span>1921<\/span>\u5e74\u65e5\u4eba\u7247\u5ca1\u5dd6\u7684\u9245\u8457\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u98a8\u4fd7\u8a8c\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u3008\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u6f14\u5287\u3009\u4e00\u7ae0\u5217\u51fa\u5927\u4eba\u6232\uff0c\u67e5\u67d0\u6232\ufe51\u56dd\u4ed4\u6232\ufe51\u5b50\u5f1f\u6232\ufe51\u63a1\u8336\u6232\ufe51\u8eca\u9f13\u6232\ufe51\u76ae\u733f\u6232\ufe51\u5e03\u888b\u6232\u53ca\u5080\u5121\u6232\u7b49\u5287\u7a2e\uff0c\u4ecd\u672a\u8a18\u8f09\u7576\u6642\u53f0\u7063\u6709\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u6b64\u4e00\u5287\u7a2e\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5728\u3008\u6232<\/span>?<\/span>\u7528\u8a9e\u3009\u4e00\u7bc0\u4e2d\u537b\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n  <\/span>  <\/span><\/span>\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6232\u5287\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\uff1a\u53ea\u7528\u53f0\u7063\u8a9e\u7684\u300c\u767d\u5b57<\/span>(be-ji)<\/span>\u300d\u3001\u53f0\u8a9e\u5b98\u8a71\u6df7\u7528\u7684\u300c\u4e5d\u7532<\/span>(kau-ka)<\/span>\u3001\u56db\u8a55<\/span>(su-peng)<\/span>\u300d\u3001\u53ea\u7528\u5b98\u8a71\u7684\u300c\u4e82\u5f48<\/span>(lan-tan)<\/span>\u300d\u53ca\u53ea\u6709\u5531\u6b4c\u7684\u300c\u6b4c\u6232<\/span>(koa-hi)<\/span>\u300d<\/span>[16]<\/span>\u56db\u985e\uff1b\u7136\uff0c\u767d\u5b57\u3001\u4e5d\u7532\u3001\u56db\u8a55\u3001\u4e82\u5f48\u7686\u662f\u6b4c\u5531\u8207\u9053\u767d\u6df7\u7528\u3002\uff08\u8b6f\u6587\u3002\u62fc\u97f3\u90e8\u4efd\u4fc2\u4f9d\u539f\u8457\u6240\u8a18\u4e4b\u7247\u5047\u540d\u6539\u5beb\uff09<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u7576\u6642\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u6b4c\u6232\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e8e\u5531\u5538\u6df7\u7528\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u6232\u5287\u4e4b\u7d14\u6b4c\u5287\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u65e5\u5f8c\u6240\u7a31\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e0d\u5920\u8a73\u76e1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u9808\u518d\u6bd4\u8f03\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u737b\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n1927<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>1<\/span>\u6708<\/span>9<\/span>\u65e5\u7684\u6708\u520a\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u5831\u300b\u7b2c<\/span>139<\/span>\u865f\u4e0a\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u3008\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u600e\u6a23\u8981\u7981\uff1f\u3009\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\u7d42\u65bc\u9996\u6b21\u898b\u8af8\u6587\u5b57<\/span>[17]<\/span>\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u5beb\u9053\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u73fe\u5728\u53c8\u518d\u767c\u751f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u548c\u820a\u5287\u6bd4\u8f03\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u6240\u53d6\u7684\u6750\u6599\u96d6\u662f\u6614\u6642\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u591a\u662f\u5982\u5b5f\u59dc\u5973\ufe51\u4e09\u4f2f\u82f1\u53f0\ufe51\u9673\u4e09\u4e94\u5a18\u7b49\u7684\u8207\u6c11\u773e\u7684\u50b3\u8aaa\u6700\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6709\u8da3\u5473\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u53c8\u4e14\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u79d1\u767d\u4e5f\u662f\u7528\u53f0\u7063\u767d\u8a71\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u820a\u6232\u8aaa\u90a3\u7a2e\u4e0d\u660e\u4e0d\u767d\u7684\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u5169\u9ede\u8aaa\u4f86\u537b\u662f\u52dd\u65bc\u820a\u6232\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u767c\u751f\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u4e0b\u6d41\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u548c\u5f0a\u5bb3\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u56db\u8655\u8981\u7981\u7684\u8072\u6d6a\u5f88\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u7531\u65bc\u8a72\u6587\u662f\u5728\u5e74\u521d\u520a\u884c\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u7a31\u547c\uff0c\u6700\u665a\u5728<\/span>1926<\/span>\u5e74\u5e95\u5c31\u5df2\u88ab\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u5728<\/span>1921<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1926<\/span>\u5e74\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5c31\u7b46\u8005\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u66fe\u51fa\u73fe\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7<\/span>1925<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>3<\/span>\u6708\u520a\u8f09\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u900f\u9732\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7dda\u7d22\u3002\u6642\u4efb\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u4e0a\u5c71\u5100\u4f5c\u5728\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u5287<\/span>?<\/span>\u5c0d<\/span>??<\/span>\u8003\u5bdf\u3009\u7684“\u53f0\u7063\u5287<\/span>?<\/span>\u8b8a\u9077”\u4e00\u7bc0\u4e2d\u8aaa\u9053<\/span>[18]<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u76f4\u5230\u5927\u6b63\u4e03\u5e74<\/span>(1918)<\/span>\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6232\u5287\u672a\u66fe\u767c\u751f\u904e\u4f55\u7b49\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u7d04\u83ab\u5728\u5927\u6b63\u4e03\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f9e\u524d\u8ff0\u300c\u6b4c\u5287\u300d<\/span>[19]<\/span>\u8b8a\u5316\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u6539\u826f\u5287\uff0c\u7531\u65b0\u7af9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba<\/span>[20]<\/span>\u767c\u8d77\u7522\u751f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c1a\u5c6c\u5e7c\u7a1a\u7684\u6539\u826f\u5287\u7531\u65bc\u6210\u5f62\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u6545\u53ea\u80fd\u4e0a\u6f14\u6587\u6232\uff0c\u800c\u7336\u672a\u80fd\u6f14\u51fa\u6b66\u6232\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u537b\u6539\u6b63\u4e86\u6545\u4f86\u6b63\u6232\u7684\u7f3a\u9ede——\u5ee2\u9664\u89c0\u773e\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u7684\u6232\u5287\u5c08\u7528\u8a9e<\/span>[21]<\/span>\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u4ee5\u7528\u8a9e\u7684\u512a\u9ede\u88dc\u52a3\u65bc\u6b63\u6232\u4e4b\u7f3a\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u73fe\u4eca\u6b63\u9010\u6f38\u7372\u5f97\u89c0\u773e\u7684\u597d\u8a55\u3002\u7136\uff0c\u6f14\u54e1\u90fd\u662f\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\uff0c\u6545\u5728\u5ee3\u6771\u6751\u843d\u6f14\u51fa\u6642\u8a9e\u8a00\u6beb\u7121\u969c\u7919\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u798f\u5efa\u6751\u843d\u8868\u6f14\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u7684\u4ee5\u798f\u5efa\u8a71\u8868\u9054\u4e4b\u61be\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6232\u5287\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6539\u8b8a\u61c9\u8a72\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5283\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u3002\uff08\u8b6f\u6587\uff09<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u8a72\u7bc7\u5831\u544a\u96d6\u7136\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5283\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u65b0\u6f14\u5287\u696d\u4ee5\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u59cb\u7d42\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u53ea\u6cdb\u7a31\u6b64\u985e\u6232\u5287\u70ba\u300c\u6539\u826f\u5287\u300d\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u898b\u4e0d\u5149\u662f\u4e0a\u5c71\u6c0f\uff0c\u9023\u4e00\u822c\u793e\u6703\u7576\u6642\u4e5f\u90fd\u5c1a\u672a\u8ce6\u4e88\u5b83\u56fa\u5b9a\u7a31\u547c\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u5f9e\u7247\u5ca1\u5dd6\u53ca\u4e0a\u5c71\u5100\u4f5c\u7684\u5169\u500b\u6587\u737b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u77e5\uff0c<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u6240\u767c\u751f\u7684\u5275\u65b0\u6232\u5287\uff0c\u9996\u5ea6\u6539\u4ee5\u53f0\u8a9e\u6f14\u51fa\uff0c\u53c8\u53ea\u6392\u6f14\u6587\u6232\uff0c\u8207\u6211\u5011\u6240\u77e5\u521d\u671f\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u7279\u8272\u4e00\u81f4<\/span>[22]<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6642\u9593\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8207\u524d\u8ff0\u7247\u5ca1\u5dd6\u6240\u6307\u7684\u300c\u6b4c\u6232\u300d\u4e0d\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7a31\u547c\u4e0a\u7684\u6b67\u7570\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u77e5<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u524d\u5f8c\u7531\u300c\u6b4c\u5287\u300d\u6240\u6f14\u8b8a\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u65b0\u5f62\u614b\u6232\u5287\u8207\u7247\u5ca1\u5dd6\u6240\u7a31\u7684\u300c\u6b4c\u6232\u300d\uff0c\u548c\u65e5\u5f8c\u7684\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u5fc5\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u5287\u56e0\u5c6c\u840c\u82bd\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8ad6\u6f14\u51fa\u5f62\u614b\u3001\u5531\u4f5c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9023\u540d\u7a31\u90fd\u9084\u5728\u6478\u7d22\u3001\u8b8a\u5316\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u5982\u6b64\u6df7\u4e82\u7684\u5c40\u9762<\/span>[23]<\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0a\u5c71\u6c0f\u7684\u8a18\u8f09\u78ba\u5be6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u6539\u826f\u6232\u300d\u6216\u662f\u300c\u6b4c\u6232\u300d\uff0c\u65b0\u5287\u7a2e\u5728<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u73fe\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230<\/span>1925<\/span>\u5e74\u90fd\u9084\u672a\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u7a31\u547c\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u9072\u5728<\/span>1926<\/span>\u5e74\u5e95\u5c31\u9032\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u8f03\u6709\u5b9a\u578b\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\uff0c\u9023\u540d\u7a31\u4e5f\u666e\u904d\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u6240\u8a8d\u77e5<\/span>[24]<\/span>\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u81f3\u65bc\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u904d\u67e5\u6240\u6709\u50c5\u77e5\u7684\u6230\u524d\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8a31\u591a\u5c08\u8457\u53ca\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u672a\u767c\u73fe\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u6df1\u5165\u8ffd\u7a76\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1b<\/span>1943<\/span>\u5e74\u5728\u7af9\u5167\u6cbb\u7684\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u8a8c\u3009\u4e2d\u5982\u6b64\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span>[25]<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7d04\u767c\u751f\u5728\u8ddd\u4eca\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u8d77\u6e90\u81ea\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u8b20\u3002\u63a1\u8336\u6b4c\u53ca\u76f8\u8912\u6b4c\u7b49\u7684\u5c0d\u5531\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u548c\u6545\u6709\u7684\u6232\u5287\u6df7\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u7570\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u6232\u5287\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u7279\u6709\u4e4b\u5287\u7a2e\u3002\u6545\u6709\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6232\uff0c\u5176\u7528\u8a9e\u5e7e\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u8a71\uff0c\u800c\u4f34\u594f\u97f3\u6a02\u53c8\u5206\u70ba\u5357\u7ba1\u548c\u5317\u7ba1\uff0c\u4e14\u6f14\u51fa\u5531\u4f5c\u53c8\u904e\u65bc\u62d8\u6ce5\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u773e\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6295\u5176\u6240\u597d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6e90\u8d77\u81ea\u6c11\u8b20\u7684\u76f8\u8912\u3001\u96dc\u5ff5\u7b49\u7684\u8857\u982d\u96dc\u6280\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u52e2\u529b\u7684\u9010\u6f38\u64f4\u589e\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u642d\u8d77\u91ce\u53f0\u4e0a\u6f14\uff0c\u518d\u6f38\u6f38\u7684\u5c0e\u5165\u6232\u66f2\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u6545\u6709\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6232\u5287\u7c21\u6613\u5316\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u5165\u53f0\u7063\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6b4c\u8abf\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u3002\uff08\u8b6f\u6587\uff09<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u53c8\u5982<\/span>1931<\/span>\u5e74\u93e1\u6ce2\u7684\u3008\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232<\/span>?<\/span>\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u8003\u5bdf<\/span>?<\/span>\u5730\u65b9\u9752\u5e74\u7537\u5973<\/span>?<\/span>\u53ca<\/span>??<\/span>\u5f71\u97ff\u3009\u6240\u8ff0<\/span>[26]<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n    <\/span><\/span>\u53f0\u7063\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u4e4b\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u832b\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u660e\u78ba\u3002\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u767c\u5c55\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u7a2e\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u6df7\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002\uff08\u8b6f\u6587\uff09<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u7576\u521d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u7121\u6cd5\u78ba\u8a8d\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7531\u8ab0\uff0c\u5728\u4f55\u6642\u4f55\u5730\u767c\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8a8d\u5b9a\u5b83\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u4f86\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6232\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u514d\u53d7\u5916\u4f86\u6232\u66f2\u7684\u8a98\u767c\uff0c\u4f46\u7e3d\u662f\u5faa\u8457\u300c\u5c31\u5730\u53d6\u6750\u300d\u548c\u300c\u9010\u6f38\u9032\u5316\u300d\u7684\u539f\u5247\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u8e74\u53ef\u5e7e\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u50c5\u5c07\u5916\u4f86\u5287\u7a2e\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\u5f62\u614b\u5b8c\u5168\u6a21\u64ec\u6284\u8972\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u7a31\uff0c\u800c\u4ecd\u820a\u6cbf\u7528\u539f\u6709\u7684\u7a31\u547c\uff0c\u5982\u4e82\u5f48\ufe51\u4e5d\u7532\ufe51\u56db\u8a55\u7b49\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u5f9e\u5148\u524d\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6587\u737b\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5\u7576\u6642\u5f97\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u8a31\u591a\u50b3\u7d71\u6232\u5287\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u52d5\u6a5f\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5f15\u767c\u5373\u8208\u7684\u5275\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c07\u7576\u5730\u539f\u6709\u7684\u96dc\u66f2\ufe51\u6c11\u8b20\ufe51\u6a02\u66f2\u6ce8\u5165\u6232\u5287\u7684\u300c\u5531\u5538\u505a\u6253\u300d\u56db\u5927\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u7c21\u55ae\u800c\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u6f14\u85dd\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u6a5f\u904b\u6b20\u4f73\u8005\u66c7\u82b1\u4e00\u73fe\uff0c\u50c5\u80fd\u6b62\u65bc\u9592\u6687\u6642\u7684\u5a1b\u6a02\uff1b\u800c\u6a5f\u904b\u4ea8\u901a\u7684\u5c31\u80fd\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9032\u5316\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5e36\u4f86\u7121\u9650\u7684\u5546\u6a5f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u52a9\u300d\u6216\u8a31\u771f\u6709\u5176\u4eba\u5176\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8981\u8a8d\u5b9a\u8ab0\u662f\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u958b\u5c71\u59cb\u7956\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u5df2\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6240\u53ca\u4e86\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u3010\u7d50<\/span> \u8ad6\u3011<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6211\u5011\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u6230\u524d\u8207\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u77ad\u89e3\u5230\u6230\u5f8c\u5404\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4e00\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u53c3\u8003\u7576\u521d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u53c8\u5fd8\u4e86\u7530\u91ce\u8abf\u67e5\u80cc\u5f8c\u6240\u96b1\u85cf\u7684\u9677\u9631\u3002\u5982\u679c\u50cf\u591a\u6578\u4e2d\u570b\u820a\u6709\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u66f2\u85dd\u6216\u5c0f\u6232\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6587\u737b\u8cc7\u6599\u53ef\u4f9b\u53c3\u8003\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7576\u7136\u53ea\u5f97\u4f9d\u9760\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u7530\u91ce\u8abf\u67e5\u7d50\u679c\u53bb\u62fc\u6e4a\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65e5\u64da\u6642\u671f\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u6587\u737b\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5206\u6790\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff1a<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u540d\u7a31\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d6\u5f97\u5e02\u6c11\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e26\u53d7\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u8a8d\u5b9a\uff0c\u61c9\u5728\u4e0a\u5c71\u5100\u4f5c\u7684\u5831\u544a\u767c\u8868\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684<\/span>1925<\/span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span>1926<\/span>\u5e74\u5e95\u4e4b\u9593\uff1b\u800c\u4ee5\u53f0\u7063\u8a9e\u8a00\u6f14\u51fa\u7684\u65b0\u5287\u7a2e\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u5728<\/span>1918<\/span>\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u516c\u958b\u6f14\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u76f4\u5230\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\u53d7\u5230\u5927\u773e\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u9019\u6bb5\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u6232\u5287\uff08\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\uff1f\u767d\u5b57\u6232\uff1f\u6539\u826f\u6232\uff1f\uff09\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5728\u919e\u91c0\u548c\u6478\u7d22\u7684\u968e\u6bb5\uff1b\u81f3\u65bc\u76ee\u524d\u5b78\u754c\u6240\u8a8d\u5b9a\u4e4b\u6c11\u570b\u521d\u5e74\u524d\u5f8c\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\uff0c\u7576\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u5275\u59cb\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u96db\u5f62\uff08\u6216\u8a31\u5c31\u662f\u5b9c\u862d\u4eba\u6240\u7a31\u7684\u300c\u8001\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d\uff1f\uff09\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u81f3\u65bc\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u5f9e\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6642\u9ede\u300d\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u624d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5c07\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u65b0\u5287\u7a2e\u300d\u8a95\u751f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u898b\u4ec1\u898b\u667a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b78\u8853\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u722d\u4e86\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b\u3011<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6230\u524d\u90e8\u4efd<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu    <\/span>   <\/span>1901       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u4ff3\u512a<\/span>?<\/span>\u6f14\u5287\u3009\uff0c\u98a8\u5c71\u5802\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6163\u7fd2\u8a18\u4e8b\u300b<\/span>1<\/span>\u5377<\/span>3<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1909       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u6f22\u4eba<\/span>?<\/span>\u884c<\/span>??<\/span>\uf7a0\u6f14\u5287\u3009\uff0c<\/span>YI<\/span>\u751f\uff0c\u300a\u6771\u4eac\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u6703\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b\u7b2c<\/span>274<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1913       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u5287<\/span>?<\/span>\u5c31<\/span>??<\/span>\u3009\uff0c\u67ef\u4e01\u4e11\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6559\u80b2\u300b<\/span>133<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1915       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u300b\uff0c\u6b66\u5167\u8c9e\u7fa9\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u520a\u884c\u6703<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1920       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u901a\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u9023\u6a6b<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1921       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u98a8\u4fd7\u8a8c\u300b\uff0c\u7247\u5ca1\u5dd6\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u65e5\u65e5\u65b0\u5831\u793e<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu  <\/span>     <\/span>1925       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u5287<\/span>?<\/span>\u5c0d<\/span>??<\/span>\u8003\u5bdf\u3009\uff0c\u4e0a\u5c71\u5100\u4f5c\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u8b66\u5bdf\u5354\u6703\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b<\/span>93<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1927       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u600e\u6a23\u8981\u7981\uff1f\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u5831\u300b<\/span>139<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1927       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u65bc<\/span>??<\/span>\u652f\u90a3\u6f14\u5287\u53ca\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u8abf\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7e3d\u7763\u5e9c\u6587\u6559\u5c40\u793e\u6703\u8ab2<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1927       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u6d41\u5f0a\u3009\uff0c\u4e00\u8a18\u8005\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u5831\u300b<\/span>165<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1930       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u767e\u8ac7\u300b\uff0c\u5c71\u6839\u52c7\u85cf\uff0c\u6749\u7530\u66f8\u5e97<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1931       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232<\/span>?<\/span>\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u8003\u5bdf<\/span>?<\/span>\u5730\u65b9\u9752\u5e74\u7537\u5973<\/span>?<\/span>\u53ca<\/span>??<\/span>\u5f71\u97ff\u3009\uff0c\u93e1\u6ce2\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6559\u80b2\u300b<\/span>346.347<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1932       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u829d\u5c45<\/span>?<\/span>\u8a71\u3009\uff0c\u9673\u5168\u6c38\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6642\u5831\u300b<\/span>154<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1933       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u8a9e\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u9023\u6a6b<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1941       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287<\/span>?<\/span>\u8fd1\u60c5\u3009\uff0c\u5442\u8a34\u4e0a\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u6c11\u6f14\u5287\u300b<\/span>1<\/span>\u5377<\/span>4<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1942       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u7fd2\u4fd7\u300b\uff0c\u6771\u65b9\u5b5d\u7fa9\uff0c\u540c\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u6703<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1943       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287<\/span>?<\/span>\u73fe\u72c0\u300b\uff0c\u6ff1\u7530\u79c0\u4e09\u90ce\uff0c\u4e39\u9752\u66f8\u623f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\u6230\u5f8c\u90e8\u4efd<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu    <\/span>   <\/span>1947       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u4e4b\u904e\u53bb\u8207\u73fe\u5728\u3009\uff0c\u738b\u767d\u6df5\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6587\u5316\u300b<\/span>2<\/span>\u5377<\/span>3<\/span>\u671f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1947       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u6539\u9769\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u5442\u8a34\u4e0a\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6587\u5316\u300b<\/span>2<\/span>\u5377<\/span>2.3.4<\/span>\u671f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1951       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u3009\uff0c\u5442\u8a34\u4e0a\uff0c\u6536\u65bc\u300a\u5973\u532a\u5e79—\u6539\u826f\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7701\u65b0\u805e\u8655\u5370\u884c<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1952       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u7531\u4f86\u53ca\u5176\u8b8a\u9769\u3009\uff0c\u93e1\u51fd\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u5730\u65b9\u6232\u5287\u300b<\/span>1<\/span>\u5377<\/span>1<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u5730\u65b9\u6232\u5287\u5354\u9032\u6703<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1952       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u898b<\/span>?<\/span>\u829d\u5c45<\/span>???<\/span>\u3009\uff0c\u5609\u6cbb\u9686\u4e00\uff0c\u300a\u5fc3\u300b<\/span>5<\/span>\u5377<\/span>9<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1954       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6232\u5287\u3009\uff0c\u5442\u8a34\u4e0a\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6587\u5316\u8ad6\u96c6\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u4e8b\u696d\u59d4\u54e1\u6703<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1955       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u798f\u5efa\u548c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u5287\u7a2e\uff0d\u858c\u5287\u3009\uff0c\u9673\u562f\u9ad8\uff0e\u9867\u66fc\u838a\uff0c\u300a\u83ef\u6771\u6232\u66f2\u5287\u7a2e\u4ecb\u7d39<\/span> \u7b2c\u4e09\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u65b0\u6587\u85dd\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1961       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u96fb\u5f71\u6232\u5287\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u5442\u8a34\u4e0a\uff0c\u9280\u83ef\u51fa\u7248\u90e8<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1974       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c\u912d\u6851\u6eaa\uff0c\u300a\u6f14\u5287\u5b78\u300b<\/span>15<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1976       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u5730\u65b9\u6232\u5287\u5728\u660e\u6e05\u5169\u4ee3\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3009\uff0c<\/span>Colin Mackerras<\/span>\u8457\u2027\u8607\u53cb\u8c9e\u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6587\u5b78\u300b<\/span>5<\/span>\u5377<\/span>7<\/span>\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1982       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u97f3\u6a02\u300b\uff0c\u5f35\u70ab\u6587\uff0c\u767e\u79d1\u6587\u5316<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1986       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u798f\u5efa\u6c11\u9593\u97f3\u6a02\u7c21\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u5289\u6625\u66d9\u2027\u738b\u8000\u83ef\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u6587\u85dd\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1986       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u6c11\u4fd7\u66f2\u85dd\u300b\u7b2c<\/span>42<\/span>\u671f—\u5c08\u984c\u7814\u7a76\u2027\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\uff0c\u65bd\u5408\u912d\u6c11\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u91d1\u6703<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1987       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u5287\u5718\u7d50\u69cb\u8207\u7d93\u71df\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c\u9ec3\u79c0\u9326\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u5927\u5b78\u85dd\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3002<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1987       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\u904e\u7a0b\u3009\uff0c\u9673\u79c0\u5a1f\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1988       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u8b8a\u9077\u300b\uff0c\u66fe\u6c38\u7fa9\uff0c\u806f\u7d93\u51fa\u7248<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1989       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u91ce\u53f0\u947c\u9f13\u300b\uff0c\u9673\u5065\u9298\uff0c\u7a3b\u9109\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1990       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u6cbf\u9769\u3009\uff0c\u83ab\u5149\u83ef\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6587\u737b\u300b<\/span>41<\/span>\u5377<\/span>3.4<\/span>\u671f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1991       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u95a9\u53f0\u6c11\u9593\u85dd\u8853\u6563\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u798f\u5efa\u7701\u85dd\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u2027\u5ec8\u9580\u5e02\u53f0\u7063\u85dd\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u5408\u7de8\uff0c\u9dfa\u6c5f\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1992       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u5730\u65b9\u6232\u300c\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300d—<\/span>??<\/span>\u8a95\u751f<\/span>?<\/span>\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u53f2<\/span>????<\/span>\u610f\u7fa9<\/span>????<\/span>\u3009\uff0c\u9234\u6728\u79c0\u7f8e\uff0c\u6771\u4eac\u90fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b78\u6587\u5b78\u90e8\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1992       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u65e5\u6cbb\u6642\u671f\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u90b1\u5764\u826f\uff0c\u81ea\u7acb\u665a\u5831\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u90e8<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1993       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6232\u66f2\u5fd7\u2027\u798f\u5efa\u5377\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u7de8\u8f2f\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u85dd\u8853\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1993       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u8208\u76db\u8207\u8870\u9000\u4e4b\u521d\u63a2\u3009\uff0c\u83ab\u5149\u83ef\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6587\u737b\u300b<\/span>44<\/span>\u5377<\/span>1<\/span>\u671f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1994       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u5730\u65b9\u5287<\/span>?<\/span>\u7814\u7a76<\/span>???<\/span>\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3009\uff0c\u9234\u6728\u79c0\u7f8e\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u5831\u300b\u7b2c<\/span>253<\/span>\u865f\uff0c\u6771\u4eac\u90fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b78\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u90e8<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1995       <\/span><\/span>\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u5730\u65b9\u5287\u3009\uff0c\u9234\u6728\u79c0\u7f8e\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u85dd\u80fd\u901a\u4fe1\u300b<\/span>24.25<\/span>\u5408\u4f75\u865f<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\nu       <\/span>1995       <\/span><\/span>\u300a\u767e\u5e74\u574e\u5777\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300b\uff0c\u9673\u8015\u2027\u66fe\u5b78\u6587\uff0c\u5e7c\u7345\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248<\/span> <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n——————————————————————————–<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[1] <\/span>\u8f09\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6587\u5316\u300b<\/span>2<\/span>\u5377<\/span>2<\/span>\u3001<\/span>3<\/span>\u3001<\/span>4<\/span>\u671f\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[2] <\/span>\u898b\u300a\u5973\u532a\u5e79—\u6539\u826f\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u300b\uff30<\/span>.5<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[3] <\/span>\u5f15\u81ea\u5442\u8a34\u4e0a\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6232\u5287\u3009\uff30<\/span>.416<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[4] <\/span>\u898b<\/span>1927<\/span>\u5e74\u53f0\u7063\u7e3d\u7763\u5e9c\u6587\u6559\u5c40\u793e\u6703\u8ab2\u7de8\u300a\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u65bc<\/span>??<\/span>\u652f\u90a3\u6f14\u5287\u53ca\u53f0\u7063\u6f14\u5287\u8abf\u300b\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[5] <\/span>\u300a\u570b\u6c11\u6f14\u5287\u300b<\/span>1<\/span>\u5377<\/span>4<\/span>\u865f\uff0c<\/span>P.149<\/span>\uff5e<\/span>152<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[6] <\/span>\u5377\u4e8c\u4eba\u6c11\u5fd7\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u79ae\u4fd7\u7bc7\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u5a1b\u6a02\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc0\u6232\u5287\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[7] <\/span>\u5377\u516d\u5b78\u85dd\u5fd7\u85dd\u8853\u7bc7\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u7b2c\u516b\u7bc0\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[8] <\/span>\u898b\u3008\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u5287\u5718\u7d50\u69cb\u8207\u7d93\u71df\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c<\/span>1987<\/span>\u5e74\u6587\u5316\u5927\u5b78\u85dd\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[9] <\/span>\u898b\u3008\u672c\u5730\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u97f3\u6a02\u4e4b\u8abf\u67e5\u8207\u63a2\u8a0e\u3009\uff0c\u5b9c\u862d\u7e23\u7acb\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[10] <\/span>\u898b\u6587\u672b\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b—\u6230\u5f8c\u90e8\u4efd\u3011\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[11] <\/span>\u898b\u8a72\u66f8\u3008\u8cb3\ufe51\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3009\uff0c\uff30<\/span>.37<\/span>\uff5e<\/span>38<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[12] <\/span>\u898b\u300a\u91ce\u53f0\u947c\u9f13\u300b\uff0c\uff30<\/span>.3<\/span>\uff5e<\/span>12<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[13] <\/span>\u898b\u9234\u6728<\/span>1992<\/span>\uff0c\uff30<\/span>.32<\/span>\uff5e<\/span>34<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[14] <\/span>\u898b\u8a72\u66f8\uff30<\/span>.184<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[15] <\/span>\u898b\u6587\u672b\u3010\u4e3b\u8981\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b—\u6230\u524d\u90e8\u4efd\u3011\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[16] <\/span>\u6771\u65b9\u5b5d\u7fa9\u65bc<\/span>1937<\/span>\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u6642\u5831\u300b\u6240\u9023\u8f09\u7684\u3008\u53f0\u7063\u7fd2\u4fd7—\u53f0\u7063<\/span>?<\/span>\u6f14\u5287\u3009\u4e0a\u4e5f\u66fe\u8aaa\u904e\uff1a\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\uff0c\u662f\u4f9d\u9644\u53f0\u7063\u4fd7\u8b20\u6f14\u51fa\u7684\u7d14\u6b4c\u5287\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[17] <\/span>\u81ea\u6b64\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u81fa\u8a9e\u8fad\u5178\u548c\u53f0\u7063\u6232\u5287\u76f8\u95dc\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u6975\u5176\u98a8\u884c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\u76db\u6cc1\u90fd\u8a73\u52a0\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u5e7e\u4e4e\u90fd\u8a8d\u5b9a\u5176\u6deb\u7a62\u4e0d\u582a\u5165\u76ee\uff0c\u5c62\u5c62\u5f15\u767c\u793e\u6703\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u518d\u5021\u8a00\u7981\u7d55\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u6f14\u51fa\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n <\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n[18] <\/span>\u898b\u300a\u53f0\u7063<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5e74\u4ee3\u53ca\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u554f\u984c \u738b \u9806\u9686 \u53f0\u7063\u6b4c\u4ed4\u6232\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5e74\u4ee3\u53ca\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u554f\u984c   &n… » \u95b1\u8b80\u5168\u6587<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":114,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[67],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c-11894"],"meta_key":{"_pingme":["1"],"_encloseme":["1"],"lt_post_id":["105412"]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13374"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13374"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13374\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13374"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/2blog.ilc.edu.tw\/3860\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}