<\/p>\n
\u7121\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u4ee5\u70ba\u65e2\u7136\u4eba\u4e16\u9593\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u8a02\u4e86\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\uff08codes of postitive law\uff09\uff0c\u4ee4\u8001\u767e\u9075\u5b88\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u90a3\u9ebc\u5929\u4e0a\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u9020\u7269\u795e\u5fc5\u4e5f\u66fe\u9812\u4e0b\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee4\u7926\u7269\u3001\u6676\u9ad4\u3001\u52d5\u690d\u7269\u53ca\u661f\u8fb0\u90fd\u5f97\u9075\u5b88\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u6642\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u6211\u5011\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u6240\u4ee5\u53ea\u80fd\u8208\u8d77\u65bc\u6b50\u6d32\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n \u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u55ce\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n \u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u627e\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u7684\u597d\u66f8\u53ca\u5c08\u8ad6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u770b\u5728\u6b50\u6d32\u53f2\u6216\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u300c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u300d\uff08Laws of Nature\uff09\u4e00\u8a5e\u662f\u4f55\u6642\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u5177\u6709\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u5247\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u627e\u5230\u89e3\u7b54\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u975e\u5e38\u6d41\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u7576\u6642\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u5c0d\u4e00\u4e03\u4e5d\u516d\u5e74\u5beb\u6210\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u725b\u9813\u5b78\u8aaa\u7684\u8a69\u53e5\u5747\u8033\u719f\u80fd\u8a73\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n \u8b9a\u7f8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5929\u8a00\u662f\u5ba3\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u5927\u5343\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5949\u884c\u5176\u8a00;<\/span><\/p>\n \u81ea\u7136\u8af8\u6cd5\uff0c\u6c38\u884c\u4e0d\u65b7\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u5929\u4e3b\u6240\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u7d71\u7269\u842c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5949\u884c\u4e2d\u570b\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u5b78\u8005\u537b\u8aaa\u4e0d\u51fa\u9019\u7a2e\u980c\u8fad\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n \u5728\u4e9e\u7406\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\uff08postitive law\uff09\u8207\u5929\u6027\u6cd5\uff08\u842c\u6c11\u6cd5\uff0cnatural law\uff09\u4e4b\u5dee\u5225\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u4ed6\u7a31\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u70ba\u4eba\u70ba\u7d04\u5b9a\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u7a31\u5929\u6027\u6cd5\u70ba\u5929\u6027\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8207\u6578\u91cf\u6709\u95dc\u800c\u8207\u502b\u7406\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u4f86\u8655\u7406\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u800c\u5177\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u4e4b\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u7c21\u76f4\u662f\u547c\u4e4b\u6b32\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u4f46\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u842c\u6c11\u6cd5\u9019\u7a2e\u6771\u897f\u9019\u7a2e\u6771\u897f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u660e\u7684\u300c\u5b64\u7acb\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u5f88\u5c11\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u4f86\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u5f9e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u4e2d\u5c0b\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u5be6\u7528\u7684\u842c\u6c11\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5929\u6027\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8056\u738b\u8207\u767e\u59d3\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7fd2\u4fd7\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300e\u79ae\u300f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u96a8\u8457\u57fa\u7763\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u5ef6\u7e8c\uff0c\u5929\u6027\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6210\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7121\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u9019\u7a2e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5373\u300e\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4f4e\u65bc\u541b\u738b\uff0c\u7336\u5982\u5929\u6027\u6cd5\u4e4b\u9ad8\u65bc\u541b\u738b\u300f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u5728\u65b0\u6559\u8208\u8d77\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u601d\u60f3\u7522\u751f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u6b50\u6d32\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u767c\u8ed4\u671f\u9593\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u300e\u6709\u6b0a\u5411\u4e0d\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u9020\u53cd\u300f\u4e4b\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u601d\u60f3\u8207\u5b5f\u5b50\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u76f8\u901a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u5b5f\u5b50\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u541b\u738b\u4e0d\u5b88\u79ae\uff0c\u81e3\u6c11\u6709\u6b0a\u5c07\u4e4b\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ca\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u89c0\u5ff5\u6709\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n \u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u662f\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6ce2\u4ee5\u8033\u8207\u725b\u9813\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u5f88\u5145\u5be6\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u8207\u884c\u661f\u90fd\u300c\u9075\u5b88\u300d\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u662f\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u8868\u73fe\u5728\u7b1b\u5361\u5152\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5be6\u9a57\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u8f49\u6369\u9ede\u767c\u751f\u5728\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\uff081473~1543\uff09\u8207\u523b\u535c\u52d2(1571~1630)\u4e4b\u9593\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u524d\u8005\u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u5c0d\u7a31\u3001\u548c\u8ae7\u3001\u904b\u52d5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u5f8c\u8005\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u884c\u661f\u8ecc\u9053\u7684\u4e09\u689d\u7d93\u9a57\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e14\u9996\u5148\u7528\u6578\u5b78\u540d\u8a5e\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u8036\u7a4c\u6703\u50b3\u6559\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u5c0d\u4ecb\u7d39\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u4f86\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89c0\u5ff5\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u9019\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u5c07\u300e\u79ae\u300f\u8207\u300e\u6cd5\u300f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u64f4\u5145\u5230\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u6642\u6240\u9047\u5230\u56f0\u96e3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u5047\u5982\u4e9e\u7406\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u6cd5\u5b78\u8aaa\u8207\u4e9e\u6b77\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\u4ee5\u5f8c\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u9ad4\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u5247\u6211\u5011\u6709\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u7406\u7531\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u6642\u4ee3\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u8207\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u5ea6\u7d50\u675f\u3001\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5236\u5ea6\u958b\u59cb\u6642\uff0c\u7d55\u5c0d\u738b\u6b0a\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u5fc5\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u57f9\u6839\uff08Roger Bacon,1214~1292\uff09\u66fe\u6e05\u695a\u5beb\u5230<\/span><\/p>\n \u300e\u53cd\u5c04\u3001\u6298\u5c04\u4e4b\u6cd5\u8207\u6211\u5728\u8ad6\u5e7e\u4f55\u6642\u6240\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u81ea\u7136\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u300f\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u57f9\u6839\u5df2\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u904e\u300e\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u300f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u65b0\u7d55\u5c0d\u5c08\u5236\u8207\u65b0\u5be6\u9a57\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u8a95\u751f\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u624d\u628a\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u5f9e\u7761\u5922\u4e2d\u558a\u9192\uff0c\u518d\u5ea6\u6210\u70ba\u5927\u5bb6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u5728\u523b\u535c\u52d2\u3001\u6ce2\u4ee5\u8033\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u901a\u7528\u65bc\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5929\u6027\u6cd5\u8207\u901a\u7528\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u958b\u4e86\u3002<\/span>\u78ba\u5b9a\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u5929\u6027\u6cd5\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u548c\u6b50\u6d32\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u9053\u5bb6\u96d6\u7136\u795e\u901a\u5ee3\u5927\uff0c\u537b\u7121\u6cd5\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u985e\u4f3c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u7406\u6027\u8207\u908f\u8f2f\u7684\u6b0a\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u4ed6\u5011\u91cd\u8996\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u559c\u611b\u9ad4\u5bdf\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u8207\u7121\u7aae\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u6240\u4ee5\u672a\u66fe\u5efa\u7acb\u725b\u9813\u5f0f\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u5716\u50cf\uff0c\u4fbf\u5728\u6478\u7d22\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5f0f\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u5716\u50cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u58a8\u5bb6\u8207\u540d\u5bb6\u60f3\u76e1\u8fa6\u6cd5\u6539\u9032\u908f\u8f2f\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6b64\u7a2e\u79d1\u5b78\u904b\u52d5\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u529f\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u6216\u8a31\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u58a8\u5bb6\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u8207\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e0a\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u76ee\u7684\u6709\u592a\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u4e26\u4e14\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u58a8\u5bb6\u8207\u540d\u5bb6\u5728\u79e6\u5e1d\u570b\u7d71\u4e00\u5929\u4e0b\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d230\u5e74\uff09\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c31\u6d88\u5931\u65bc\u7121\u5f62\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u6cd5\u5bb6\u8207\u5112\u5bb6\u5411\u4f86\u53ea\u6ce8\u610f\u7d14\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n \u6cd5\u5bb6\u5168\u529b\u5f37\u8abf\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9867\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n \u800c\u4e14\u70ba\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u798f\u5229\u8d77\u898b\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u793e\u6703\u9053\u5fb7\u76f8\u62b5\u89f8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n 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